Abstract:
In just over ten years, metal halide perovskites have gone from being a mineralogical curiosity to a cutting-edge material class, sparking a revolution in optoelectronics. Their remarkable mix of optoelectronic characteristics–long charge-carrier diffusion lengths, high absorption coefficients, and tunable bandgaps–as well as the possibility of low-cost, solution-based fabrication is what has propelled their explosive growth. As a result, solar cell power conversion efficiencies have increased from 3.8% to over 26%, and high-performance light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and lasers are now possible. Two major obstacles stand in the way of commercialization, though: the environmental issues with lead-based compositions and operational instability in the presence of heat, light, and moisture. This review offers a thorough examination of the area relating applied technology to basic material features. It investigates the device's performance in various applications, synthesis techniques, and iconic crystal structure. Degradation mechanisms and methods to improve stability, including enhanced encapsulation, compositional engineering, and interface passivation, are given serious attention. Lastly, an evaluation of the advancements and challenges in creating lead-free substitutes is provided, providing a forward-looking view of the research required to produce sustainable and practical perovskite technologies.
Keywords: Perovskites,
Optoelectronics,
Light-emitting diodes,
Photodetectors
Recieved: 02.02.2026,
Revised: 30.03.2026,
Accepted: 11.05.2026
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